Sains Malaysiana 52(9)(2023): 2545-2557
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-06
In Vitro and In Vivo Assays of
Selected Plant Extracts against Fruit Rot Fungi
(Asai In
Vitro dan In Vivo Ekstrak Tumbuhan Terpilih terhadap Kulat Reput Buah)
FATIN
NABILA SHAARI1,2 & NUR AIN IZZATI MOHD ZAINUDIN1,3,*
1Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
Selangor,
Malaysia
2Sunway
College Kuala Lumpur, No 2 Jalan Universiti, 47500
Selangor, Malaysia
3Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of
Plantation
Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Diserahkan:
18 April 2023/Diterima: 5 September 2023
Abstract
Post-harvest
losses of crops in Malaysia is estimated at around 20%. Fungal infection is one
of the primary causes of post-harvest loss in fruits. The common use of
synthetic fungicide to combat fruit rot fungi poses negative impacts on human
health and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the
efficacy of selected plant species as a safer alternative for post-harvest
treatment. Ethanolic leaf extracts of Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratus were
tested against Fusarium oxysporum from tomato rot, Fusarium proliferatum from banana rot,
and Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesfrom mango rot. In vitro analysis
was conducted using poisoned food bioassay and the percentage inhibitions of Fusarium oxysporum growth were 93.50% by Piper sarmentosumextract, 46.68% by Psidium guajavaextract, and 40.48% by Cymbopogon citratus extract. A test on a
different fungus, Fusarium proliferatum, showed that Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratusextracts displayed percentage
inhibitions of 88.78%, 36.66%, and 22.44%, respectively. In vitro test on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed that Piper sarmentosum extract inhibited the
fungal growth by 96.23%, while Cymbopogon citratus and Psidium guajava extract inhibited the fungal growth by
52.62% and 52.22%, respectively. The mechanism of action of these extracts
appeared to be fungistatic. Piper sarmentosum was selected for further analysis by in vivo assay as it displayed the most
significant anti-fungal action. The study was conducted using Piper sarmentosumleaf
extract of various concentrations (25, 50, 50, and 100 mg/mL). The leaf extract
displayed dose-dependent activity, with the highest reduction in disease
severity observed at concentration of 100 mg/mL. The
findings showed the potential use of Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava,
and Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract as anti-fungal agent for post-harvest treatment to minimize fruit
loss. Piper sarmentosumleaf extract showed comparable inhibitory action to commercial fungicide
carbendazim.
Keywords:
Anti-fungal; Cymbopogon citratus; in vitro; in vivo; Piper sarmentosum; Psidium guajava
Abstrak
Kehilangan hasil selepas tuaian di Malaysia dijangkakan sebanyak 20%. Jangkitan kulat merupakan antara punca utama kehilangan hasil buah selepas tuaian. Penggunaan meluas racun kulat sintetik untuk melawan kulat reput buah menyebabkan kesan negatif terhadap kesihatan manusia dan alam sekitar. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti keberkesanan ekstrak tumbuhan terpilih yang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai pengganti racun kulat untuk rawatan lepas tuai yang lebih selamat. Ekstrak etanol daripada daun Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava dan Cymbopogon citratus diuji ke atas Fusarium oxysporumdaripada buah tomato yang reput, Fusarium proliferatum daripada buah pisang yang reput dan Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesdaripada buah mangga yang reput. Analisis in vitro dijalankan menggunakan kaedah bioasai makanan beracun dan peratus pengurangan pertumbuhan Fusarium oxysporum adalah sebanyak 93.50% oleh ekstrak Piper sarmentosum,
46.68% oleh ekstrak Psidium guajava dan 40.48% oleh ekstrak Cymbopogon citratus. Kajian ke atas kulat Fusarium proliferatummendapati ekstrak Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajavadan Cymbopogon citratus, masing-masing mengurangkan pertumbuhan kulat sebanyak 88.78%, 36.66% dan 22.44%. Ujian in vitro ke atas Colletotrichum gloeosporioides menunjukkan ekstrak Piper sarmentosum menghalang pertumbuhan kulat sebanyak 96.23%, manakala ekstrak Cymbopogon citratus dan Psidium guajava masing-masing mengurangkan pertumbuhan kulat sebanyak 52.62% dan 52.22%. Mekanisme tindakan ekstrak tumbuhan ke atas kulat menunjukkan tindakan merencat pertumbuhan kulat. Ujian in vivo dijalankan menggunakan ekstrak Piper sarmentosum yang menunjukkan kesan anti-kulat paling ketara berbanding ekstrak lain. Uji kaji ini dilakukan menggunakan ekstrak dengan kepekatan berbeza (25, 50, 75 dan 100 mg/mL). Ekstrak Piper sarmentosum menggunakan etanol menunjukkan kesan bergantung kepada dos dan pengurangan tahap jangkitan penyakit tertinggi didapati pada kepekatan 100 mg/mL. Hasil kajian menunjukkan potensi penggunaan ekstrak Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava dan Cymbopogon citratus sebagai agen anti-kulat sebagai rawatan lepas tuai bagi mengurangkan kehilangan hasil buah. Ekstrak daun Piper sarmentosum terutamanya menunjukkan kesan perencatan kulat yang setanding dengan racun kulat komersial carbendazim.
Kata kunci: Anti-kulat; Cymbopogon citratus; in
vitro; in vivo; Piper sarmentosum; Psidium guajava
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: ainizzati@upm.edu.my
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